The Battle Over Argumentative Essay Topics on Animation and How to Win It

The Battle Over Argumentative Essay Topics on Animation and How to Win It Life, Death, and Argumentative Essay Topics on Animation By way of example, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing standpoint. An argumentative essay is a writing piece intended to persuade a person to believe the way that you do. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. Essentially anything that must be understood before reading the remainder of the essay is background info, and ought to be included in the introduction. The New Angle On Argumentative Essay Topics on Animation Just Released You need to have the strong personal opinion on this issue you intend to discuss in your argumentative essay. First, the topic is debatable. Quite frequently, the very best topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get well pre pared to research it. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's important to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. Before concluding the essay, it is crucial to summarise with a strong emphasis on the subject. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. A decent argumentative essay is going to be based on established or new research in place of only on your ideas and feelings. Persuasive or argumentative essays are supposed to convince the audience of a person's viewpoint about a specific topic. What is Really Happening with Argumentative Essay Topics on Animation Moreover, a verbal argument often focuses on who's right regarding a particular issue, though a well-written, researched argument essay focuses on what's the most suitable side of a specific matter. Any great task finishes with an amazing conclusion and the very best examples of the argumentative essay will arrive in with a conclusion with an overview of all of the points together with a gist of the evidences provided. In a nutshell, an argument essay has to be logical from starting to end. B esides, do not forget that the secret to a thriving argumentative essay is in finding suitable evidence to back up your opinion. Writing argumentative essay is an intricate undertaking, as it requires the presence of many skills at the exact same time. Assertiveness skills are identified, broken down into chunks, and are comparatively simple to learn. English language classes usually call for a lot of writing. Many students automatically consider films when they hear the term animation. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. An argumentative essay is among the many academic essay types. Every argumentative essay ought to depend on a topic which can be debated. It is very important to note an argumentative essay and an expository essay could be similar, but they vary greatly in regard to the sum of pre-writing and research involved. The thesis gives you a guideline on how best to go about with writing the essay. By now you're probably keen to observe an exemplary argumentative essay outline template. Argumentative essay format is dependent on your professor's requirements, since there is not any common pattern for each essay. Then you need to endeavour to choose the right argumentative essay format. What You Should Do About Argumentative Essay Topics on Animation Beginning in the Next 10 Minutes It is very important to check reviews about essay writing services in order to be confident they can deliver your task before the deadline. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Essay writing per se is no simple job to do. The finest argumentative essay writing service on the web is a business that supplies good quality and inexpensive help on argumentative essay and argumentative essay topics. Argumentative essays are rather typical in academic writing and are frequently a significant part writing in all disciplines. You can be certain that the UK Essays web site is guarded and risk-free. Students should pick a compelling topic to impress the audience and their teachers. The Importance of Argumentative Essay Topics on Animation In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to locate ready-made essays and use them as an example. No matter the quantity or variety of research involved, argumentative essays must set a very clear thesis and follow sound reasoning. An argumentative essay presents either side of a problem. It is a type of essay that presents arguments about both sides of an issue.

Essay about Michael Levins the Case for Torture (Review)

Michael Levin’s â€Å"The Case for Torture† argues that there are various reasons for allowing torture to exist in the United States of America. Levin would love to see society change its negative views on torture so that, under certain circumstances, torture would be permissible. The article starts off with a very brief description of how he believes society views the subject of torture as a negative thing. He leads on to oppose that way of thinking and provides three cases in which he believes torture must be administered with various reasons attempting to support his thoughts. The hypothetical cases Levin uses range from very extreme situations, to a situation where we may sometimes see on the news. Levin makes it clear to the audience that†¦show more content†¦Once again, what exactly is torture going to do in this situation if the bomb is in the air on the plane? How exactly is the bomb going to be defused? I feel that this situation could have made much better of an argument if he would have taken the time to clear up exactly how the bomb was going to get defused. Later in the paragraph Levin adds in, If you caught the terrorist, could you sleep nights knowing that millions died because you couldnt bring yourself to apply the electrodes?(201). It is clearly an emotionally loaded sentence. He purposely italicizes the word you because he wants you to sink into that thought and make you feel really bad about the situation. The third hypothetical case, which I consider weakest, is explained with results of an informal poll based on the situation. In the poll, four mothers are asked if they would approve the torturing of the kidnapper that kidnaps their child if that were necessary to get them back. All four mothers said they would approve of it. I feel this argument does not give a great example of what makes torture acceptable. It is more of an example to show what someone would do for their loved ones. Its weakness is clearly seen i n the number of participants in the poll that he is using and in the biased opinion they most likely already had. The best part of Levin’s reasoning is expressed when he speaks of why exactly he believes torture should be accepted and not viewed upon as something

Australia Competition and Consumer Law- Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Australian Consumer law. Answer: The Australian Consumer law or the ACL is the statute that deals with the issue related to trade or commerce and governs fair consumer protection for all the businesses and individuals in the country. The statute requires every individual be it a businessperson that sells products or services to individuals or be it a consumer that purchases such products or services, to be aware of their rights and obligations under the ACL. With respect to the developers contracts in relation to the individuals who are not investors, the ACL may have a substantial impact upon the same. The statute prevents the seller, businesspersons or the developers to exhibit any form of deceptive or misleading conduct in relation to the buyers or the other parties to the contract and must not incorporate any clauses that amounts to unfair terms. According to the ACL, a consumer contract may be defined as a contract where a sale or an interest in land is granted to any individual either predominantly or wholly for personal household or domestic purpose. The intent of the purchaser of such land or the interest of land is essential to assess whether a sale contract or a contract for grant of interest is a consumer contract under the ACL. In case the land purchased is not purported to be used for domestic or personal purpose, the Australian Consumer Law shall not govern the contract. In the Supreme Court of West Australia in OPR WA Pty Ltd v Marron [2016][1], the court found that if a land is used for business purpose it shall not be considered as consumer contract under the Australian Consumer Law. A sale contract is a consumer contract under the ACL if it is held for domestic or personal consumer as stipulated under Schedule 2 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010. The ACL imposes certain restrictions on the sellers and at the same time, provides consumer guarantee to the buyers regarding the manner in which they should perform business operation. The restrictions that are imposed upon the seller include prohibition of application of unfair terms and bait advertisements, use of deceptive or misleading conduct. The paper discusses about the impact of the Australian Consumer Law with respect to unfair contract terms and misrepresentation on the sale of land. Unfair Contract term The Trade Practices Amendment (Australian Consumer Law) Act (No. 1) 2010 (the ACL)[2] was enacted for regulating the unfair terms in standard form consumer contracts. The statute has significant impact on developers contracts with respect to individuals. The statute contains provisions for unfair terms according to which any unfair terms used in the standard form of contracts shall be considered as void and unenforceable. The Contracts for sale entered into between the developer as seller and the individual as buyer is deemed as standard form of contracts unless the parties establishes otherwise. The following terms is considered as unfair terms under the ACL: terms that causes significant imbalance in the rights and obligations of the parties; terms that would affect the purchaser, both financially or otherwise, if the purchaser relies on such terms; terms that are not necessary to safeguard the legitimate interests of the developer; Further, for the purpose of determining whether any particular term is essential for protecting the interests of the developer, it is important that the developer provides evidence about the market in which they operate. The developer is also required to provide evidence related to the fiscal factors that are imposed by the financiers. Adequate evidences are also required in terms of planning schemes and other regulations of the councils that are responsible in providing the developer with a level of flexibility. The statute requires the developers to make sure that the clauses incorporated in their contracts are such that it provides discretion to the extent necessary for delivering finished products to the consumers. The developers must further ensure that the contracts does not include anything or it does not provide any additional freedom that would amount to unfair contractual terms under the newly introduced statutory provisions of the Australian Consumer Law. The new statutory provisions incorporated with respect to prohibition of unfair contract terms to be used in contracts require the parties to a contract to make transparent contracts. The sale of land contract consumers are often required to sign standard contracts, hence, the provisions relating to unfair contract terms require the consumers to enter into contracts that contains clear clauses so that it becomes easier for them to address any risks associated with the contract. The provision shall prohibit the developers from incorporating any terms that would affect the legitimate interests of the consumers. Further, the provisions of the unfair terms shall become applicable on new standard form small business contracts that either have been entered in to by the parties or have been renewed by them since 12 November 2016. According to Schedule 1, section 2 of the Australian Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth), the interest of land is defined to be equal to the legal estate of land[3]. It also includes right, shares of a company owning the land, a power, or privilege, held with respect to a land, including further, the occupancy right in the land or a building erected on it. Business contracts are not subject to the statutory provisions of the Australian Consumer Law. This is because the applicability of the provisions in relation to unfair terms is only confined to standard form of contracts. Nevertheless, section 27(1) of the Act stipulates that a standard form of contract must not establish the contrary[4]. It is on the seller to prove that the contract was subject to negotiation. For the courts to determine a standard form of contract, must have regards to the factors that are provided under section 27(2) of the ACL as all the contracts are considered as standard form of contract provided the seller establishes the contrary. In Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Craig Langley Pty Ltd Matrix Pilates and Yoga Pty Ltd (Civil Claims) the court held that if a contract has been negotiated by the parties it must not include any term that may constitute an unfair term and be detrimental to the purchaser relying on such term. The businesses must not incorporate any terms into the contract that violates the rights of a party excluding the restricted terms at the time of entering into a sale of land contract. The contract must not include terms that provide that only one party be entitled to rescind the contract, or any terms that imposes penalties only on one party; or any other clauses that allows unilateral variation of interest in land. It must not include any terms that prohibit either party from exercising his/her legal rights against another party to the contract. Again, in Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Craig Langley Pty Ltd Matrix Pilates and Yoga Pty Ltd (Civil Claims) the court rules that a contract, which has been subject to negotiation, cannot incorporate a term that shall be considered as an unfair terms. In ACCC v Bytecard Pty Ltd 2013, the court ruled in favor of the Australian Completion and Consumer Commission against the defendant company with respect to the sale of an interest in land. This is the first case where the relevant provisions relating to the newly incorporated unfair contract terms under the ACL were duly applied for the first time. It is essential for the developers to ensure that they have adequate knowledge regarding the rules that have been imposed on them provisions relating to unfair contract terms under the ACL to prevent incorporation of unfair terms in a contract. In case the court is of the opinion, that the term of a contract is unfair, the aggrieved parties must be entitled to terminate the contract on the ground of violation of the rights. However, if there is a scope that a contract can be enforceable even after the removal of the unfair terms from the contract, the court shall order to remove such unfair term and declare that the contract shall continue to have binding effect upon the parties. The kind of contracts that becomes applicable to the provisions of unfair terms in context of property are the contracts for the sale of land by the developers[5]. Such developers intend to use the property for residential purposes or use such property as their primary place of residence. In case of lease contracts, those leases that have been provided for domestic purpose or personal use are governed under the provisions of section 24 of the Australian Consumer Law. Any interest vested to an individual with respect to a land for domestic purpose such as easements are also governed under section 24 of the Act[6]. Therefore, any contract that is regarded as a standard form of contract, it shall become subject to the section 24 of the ACL that prohibits incorporation of unfair terms in a contract. If the terms of the contract purports to cause imbalance in the rights and duties of the parties and signifies detrimental effect in relation to the legitimate interests of the purchasers, such terms shall amount to unfair terms and must be excluded from the contract. Misrepresentation According to section 18 of the Australian Consumer law, no person engaged in trade or commerce is permitted to conduct in any manner that is deceptive or is misleading in nature or is likely to conduct in a deceptive or misleading conduct. In Williams v Pisano[2015]NSWCA 177, the issue before the NSW Court of Appeal was to determine whether a seller of a private home who admitted that he had committed misrepresentation regarding the quality of the house was liable for conducting misleading and deceptive conduct stipulated under statutory provisions of the Australian Consumer Law. The court had regards to the proportionate liability regime as provided by Part VIA of the statute while settling the issue[7]. In this case, the seller of the property was the owner of the building, which signifies that the owner shall be responsible for any defects that may arise out of the work carried out, by the owner in relation to the building. The seller and his wife were the owner of the plot for many years, which they decided to renovate. The wife supervised the refurbishing that was being conducted by the builder, which she hired along with some consultants but she did not supervise the architectural work conducted by the builder. When they gave an advertisement for selling the property and hired a real estate agent, the wife introduced herself as the project designer of the house. The sellers and agent convinced the purchaser that the renovation work was conducted effectively and sold the house. After the sale, then purchaser noticed significant defects as significant as, water penetration issue in the house that arose because of the short cuts used by the builder while renovating the house. The Court held that the defendants were liable for paying damages worth $1.2 million. The judge asserted that the wife infringed the warranties for which she was accountable being the owner of the building. The purchaser made a further claim under the provisions of ACL that the husband was not accountable for the warranties[8]. It was held by the judge that William made representation with respect to the claim, and the representation was made with respect to trade and commerce hence, a penalty of $1.7 million was imposed upon the husband. The court found that each of the vendors was entitled to joint liability. In Taco Co of Australia Inv v Taco Bell Pty Ltd (1982), the court was of the opinion that with respect to sale of land, the rules of misrepresentation shall be applicable to the vendors of land. This decision was followed by the judge against the appeal made by the husband on the ground that the representation made by the vendor was not within trade or commerce hence the ACL was not applicable under such circumstances. In Australian Equity Investors, an Arizona Ltd Partnership v Colliers International (NSW) Pty Ltd (No 4) [2011][9] the court ruled out that the provisions stipulated under Section 30 of the ACL had been infringed. The violation was caused in relation to valuation on the ground that it made misleading and false statement related to the price that was payable in relation to the land. In Given v Pryor (1979)[10], the court provided an explanation about misrepresentation and misleading conduct. In this case, the court found that representation is not merely confined to verbal statement but also extends to any form of written or oral statement, drawings, maps and words, plans, photographs and gestures and other conducts. Any person who remains silent about any a fact shall also be deemed as misrepresentation where silence can have a negative impact on the purchaser, in particular, under the mentioned circumstances. Further, in Latella v LJ Hooker Ltd(1985)[11] it was found by the court that it is not mandatory bring a legal action against any person who made a representation. In fact the plaintiff is entitled to bring a claim against the defendant, provided the plaintiff is able to establish that the misrepresentation made by the defendant had a detrimental effect upon him and as a result of which the plaintiff had suffered loss[12]. Furthermore, in Given v CV Holland (Holdings) Pty Ltd(1977)[13] the court held that a false representation may be defined as an act of providing information that is completely inconsistent with or contrary to the original facts[14]. Thus, where the wrongdoer makes a false representation, it is sufficient to establish that the defendant has provided wrong or false information; it does not matter whether the wrongdoer had intended to make such false representation, that is, the intention of the wrongdoer is not necessary to establish the claim of false representation. Therefore, even if a land seller believes that the information being provided by them is true, it would not discharge the seller of the land from the liability that he becomes subject to for providing false misrepresentation. The aggrieved persons are entitled to several remedies in case of contravention of section 18 of the ACL. The aggrieved either may claim damages under section 236 of the Act or may obtain an injunction order from court. In addition to these remedies, the aggrieved persons are entitled to several remedies in case of contravention of section 18 of the ACL. Thus, the businesses must be careful about the fact that while entering into contracts with the consumers the contracts do not entail any unfair terms and any misleading or deceptive conduct is prevented, ensuring fair trade practic Reference list ACCC v Bytecard Pty Ltd 2013 Australian Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) Australian Equity Investors, An Arizona Ltd Partnership v Colliers International (NSW) Pty Ltd (No 4) [2011] FCA 442 Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v AAPT Ltd (Civil Claims) [2006] VCAT 1493 Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Craig Langley Pty Ltd Matrix Pilates and Yoga Pty Ltd (Civil Claims) Given v CV Holland (Holdings) Pty Ltd(1977) 29 FLR 212 Given v Pryor (1979)[1979] 39 FLR 437 Greenwood, Verity, and Larry Dwyer. "Consumer protection as essential to destination competitiveness."CAUTHE 2015: Rising Tides and Sea Changes: Adaptation and Innovation in Tourism and Hospitality(2015): 486. Knake, R. N. (2014). Legal Information, the Consumer Law Market, and the First Amendment. Latella v LJ Hooker Ltd(1985) 5 FCR 146 Latimer, Paul. "Protecting Consumers from Unfair Contract Terms: Australian Comparisons." (2016). Miller, RV 2013, Millers Australia Competition and Consumer Law Annotated, 35th ed, Thomson Reuters, Pyrmont, New South Wales. Nahan, N., and Eileen Webb. "Unfair contract terms in consumer contracts."Consumer Law and Policy in Australia and New Zealand. 2013. Supreme Court of West Australia in OPR WA Pty Ltd v Marron [2016] WASC 395 Taco Co of Australia Inv v Taco Bell Pty Ltd (1982)[1982] 2 TPR 48 Trade Practices Amendment (Australian Consumer Law) Bill (No.2) 2010 Williams v Pisano[2015]NSWCA 177 [2016] WASC 395. Trade Practices Amendment (Australian Consumer Law) Bill (No.2) 2010Australian Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). Australian Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) Knake, R. N. (2014). Legal Information, the Consumer Law Market, and the First Amendment. Australian Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). Australian Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). Greenwood, Verity, and Larry Dwyer. "Consumer protection as essential to destination competitiveness."CAUTHE 2015: Rising Tides and Sea Changes: Adaptation and Innovation in Tourism and Hospitality(2015): 486.[2011] FCA 442. [1979] 39 FLR 437. [1985] 5 FCR 146. [1985] 5 FCR 146. [1977] 29 FLR 212. [(1977] 29 FLR 212.

Media Influence On Sport Essays - Communication, Mass Media

Media Influence On Sport When communication is spread not just between two individuals but rather between tens of millions of people it is known as mass media. Mass media is known as the central nervous system of society. "Mass media has many different purposes, such as providing information, entertaining, persuading and also by carrying a vague general function of culture to millions of people."(Frederick 18). In order for mass media to exist, there must be an audience. Today's society is very selective; each receiver reacts differently through his or her own experience and orientation according to mass media. Therefore, mass media exists in many different forms such as magazines, television, newspapers, internet, motion pictures, and even plays. Some examples of these forms of mass media are cosmopolitan magazine for young modern women and TSN television network for sports fans. With such extreme varieties of mass media existing in today's societies there are three major constraints that seem to have an impressionable impact. These constraints can keep mass media very restricted. The major constraint of mass media is competition. Each form of mass media wants to be the one to target the audience, so therefore competition between mass media is very strong, because capturing the inside of the sports world is critical. Apart from the competition among the various forms of media there is also competition among each form of the media example Fox network competes with all television networks for a market share of the audience. Network companies such as Fox buy the contracts to show American football games for millions of dollars, which they in turn make their money back through companies wanting to advertize on their network during these football games. The audience Fox attracts by showing these games also provides an audience for companies wanting to advertise their products and provides potential customers for their products. This life cycle exists in all forms of media apart from just television, newspapers try to cover the best stories in all areas of life from tradegy to sports and entertainment. From a sociological stand point in today's society sex and violence attracts audiences. By examining the internet, which is the newest form of mass media internet companies that provide the most outrageous websites with sex and violence are the most watched websites. Media Companies compete with each other on those levels by looking at what attracts the most attention and trying to provide it. Although the audience are the ones who decide what information is important and this decides what groups of mass media get the most attention the influence of the media in today's world really guides them in helping them make that decision without their actual knowledge. If your story isn't important to the audience then your media is taking up space, so therefore you either have to produce what the audience wants or you will not be able to survive in the competitive world of mass media. In order to survive in society you must offer the general public information they are interested in. Money also puts constraints on what an individual gets to know. If a person can't afford to buy a television that is restricting them on the knowledge that they are able to consume. Also, companies run on budget plans, and if there is no money in the budget, they are unable to provide information to a society. For every story that is produced, or every television commercial aired that could have been many more, to follow. But with limited money in the budget plans, an audience's view also becomes very limited, because if the media doesn't have the money to produce the information that is information that a society loses out on. Time is also another constraint because is doesn't make a difference on the amount of media there is, there will only be twenty four hours in each day and not all a person's time can be devoted to the effects of mass media. With the consideration of all these constraints this may create many difficulties for mass media, these difficulties will have a reflection on society as well. In media these constraints are known as noise. "All media within each other create noise, but with all the conflicting views, within lies a pattern, that shows some element of truth." (Frederick 10). The purpose of this paper is to state how mass media influences sport. The point that is being made in this paper is to show how mass media influences society, and how it influences sports within a society. To show

The Effect of Levels of Processing on the Retention of Words

The Effect of Levels of Processing on the Retention of Words AbstractThis experimental study investigates how the retention of words depends on the levels those words were processed of among Vilnius lyceum youth. The hypothesis made was that the best retention should be after semantic processing of a word, the least - after structural and the medium - after phonemic. In the first part of the experiment, 20 participants were asked 30 questions about 30 words (10 in each of the analysis groups: structural, phonemic, and semantic). In the second part, participants were asked to recall as many words (out of those 30) as they could. The results proved the hypothesis as the best retention (4.0 words recalled out of 10) was in fact a result of the semantic, or the deepest, analysis of a word. In case of phonemic analysis, 2.4 words out of 10 were recalled and in the case of structural - only 1.3 out of 10. These results are coherent with the previous study named "Depth of Processing and the Retention of Words in Episodic Memory", which was carried ou t by Fergus I. M. Craik and Endel Tulving.Z-tabelleIntroductionThe experiment I have chosen to replicate, named "Depth of Processing and the Retention of Words in Episodic Memory", was carried out by Fergus I. M. Craik and Endel Tulving in 1975. The aim of this experiment was to check the theory proposed by Craik and Lockhart in 1972, which stated that memory traits depend proportionally on the "depth" of processing, where depth refers to a greater degrees of semantic involvement.The experiment carried out by Craik and Tulving included 20 subjects, tested individually, who were sit in the front of the tachistoscope and each trial shown a different noun . Before the word was exposed, the subject was asked a question related to the word. Question was constructed...

How to Calculate a Tip in Your Head

How to Calculate a Tip in Your Head It is customary to leave a tip for many services that are supplied by people like waiters and waitresses, taxi drivers, hotel maids, moving company staff and hair salon staff to name a few. The rule of thumb amount is 15%, although there are varying thoughts as to the amount that would be appropriate for exceptional service (usually 20%) and poor service (10% or less). Some people frown on giving no tip, as in many instances the server is not the reason for the service issue; traffic snarls and kitchen issues can be the problems and these people rely on tips to supplement their minimum wage. So now that we have some ideas as to the etiquette involved, lets look at some simple math ideas to make the calculation simple but effective. Easy Way to Calculate a 15% Tip Rule of thumb - standard service - 15%. The most commonly used shortcut to 15% is to find 10% and then add a half. This is an easy calculation, since all you need to do to find 10% is move the decimal point one space to the left (make the number smaller). Consider a bill for 47.31. First impressions show us 10% is 4.70 and a half of this amount is 2.35, so a tip of 7.00 is reasonable. This is a simplification as we can do the exact math - 4.70 add 2.35 is 7.05 - but we are looking for an easy method, not an exacting science. Another sound strategy is to work from the highest place value, in other words, if the bill is in the 50s then the tip should be in the 7.50 range. If the bill is 124.00, the logic follows that 12 add 6 18 so a total of 124 add 18 or 142 is reasonable. Calculating a Tip Based on Sales Tax Another very sound strategy is to work from the sales tax. Look at your sales tax rates and devise a strategy based on the amount. In New York city, the tax on a meal is 8.75% so you can just double the amount of tax and your service provider is happy. There are also some fun and unique answers to the question of how to do the math without straining yourself. Consider the following examples that people have provided:Great service - bill times 10%, then doubled.Less then great service - bill times 10%. For a bill under $50:Great service - bill times 10% then doubled - you will be over 15 and the appreciation should be noticed.Good service - somewhere in between great and less than good. Add a little to less than good and you will be safe.Less than good service - bill times 10% - the message will be conveyed but you are smart enough to realize that it may not be their fault alone. For a bill over $50:Make sure you start your calculations based on the pre tax amount of your bill.Great service - 10% of the bill - doubled - round down.Less than great - 10% round down. With the exception of those bills where the tip is already included, tipping and how to figure out the tip is a very individualized experience. Estimation and rounding is something I do all the time for tipping as I am not going to worry about a few extra cents here and there. And tip-ically I round up as its a rare event when I dont feel like being generous when Im out for a meal. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Security Legislations and Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Security Legislations and Standards - Essay Example Some of the well known examples of these rules and regulations comprise the Clinger Cohen Act, the GPRA (Government Performance and Results Act) and FISMA (Federal Information Security Management Act). Seeing that these rules, policies, and regulations are very important for the measurement of information security, thus including them for the information security performance management is useful for the businesses (Chew, Swanson, Stine, Bartol, Brown, & Robinson, 2008). This paper discusses the various aspects of Security Legislations and Standards. Legislations and Standards Serving their Purposes Global information security management guidelines play a significant role in organizing and determining organizational information system security. In this scenario, organizations use various rules and guidelines (such as BS ISO/IEC17799: 2000, BS7799, SSE-CMM and GASPP/GAISP) in order to determine and compare how authenticated their strategies are, and how extensively they are implemented . However, it is discovered that BS ISO/IEC17799: 2000, BS7799, SSE-CMM and GASPP/GAISP were general or common in their scope; as a result they did not focus on the dissimilarities exist between organizations and the reality that their safety needs are exceptional. In addition, according to the research those security strategies were authenticated by application to extensive capability thus it was not a dominant foundation for significant global information security strategy. Thus, to cope with these limitations, it is assessed that information security management strategy should be observed as a library of policies material on information safety management for the committed companies (Siponen & Willison, 2009). In this scenario, organizational directed security standards are different in intensity of concept. In addition, they differ from slack structures for security management (for example GMITS), to a record of security essentials i.e., " perform that, don’t carry out tha t" (for instance standards like BS7799 1993, IT Protection guide 1996), that look like those in list of tasks or responsibilities (for instance "clients should implement passwords whose length is more than 8 characters) that inserted security to information system in a mark in the pack way. Furthermore, development standards also encompass a public level function, as they offer the safety â€Å"development† rank to the business (Siponen & Willison, 2009). How to enforce these Legislations and Standards? The legislation and standard of ‘good practice’ for information security is the leading influence on information security. Additionally, it ensures information security by following a company’s viewpoint, as well as offers a realistic establishment for evaluating corporate data and information systems’ security. In order to effectively implement security management standards and techniques we first need to see the nature of security issues and danger s which an organization is currently facing. In this scenario we need to assess some important security issues those need to be managed and handled through simple security solution. For the management and neutralization of serious security and privacy management aspects we need to build and implement an effective business management policy that could effectively oversee security and privacy related aspect. In this scenario, the basic aim of information security management and standard enforcement is to react against the needs of global security management associations. Another aim is to focus on developing some useful strategies for better handling and

Library class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Library class - Essay Example Why? (Use the criteria detailed out in week 3 lecture, i.e. Authority and Credibility, Scope, Coverage & Relevance, Bias & Accuracy, Currency & Timeliness, Quality, and Commercialism) (6 points). I would not use this source for my final project because it is not an academic paper and as such is not reliable and there is no assurance that it has gone through the valid and thorough research processes as seen in academic papers. 1. The website religioustolerance.org (http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_marr.htm) was very helpful and interesting because it was able to discuss the issue of gay marriage using all the viewpoints raised by those who oppose and those who favor it. It is credible because it cites its sources for its discussions; however such sources are not very academic. They are also based on other opinions of other people. The information presented is updated based on the recent dates indicated in the website. 2. My classmate’s entry in relation to ____ is very insightful and interesting. It made use of current and academic resources which make the information reliable and credible. The date indicated in the website is very much recent and the data used came from reliable authors and studies. I suggest that she consider more websites from Google scholar searches because this search will also yield other scholarly and reliable

Aims of Academic Study Essay Example for Free

Aims of Academic Study Essay To accomplish it, there are obviously needed excessive practices and comfortable surrounding environments including class-size. This essay will deal with the aims of the academic study and various ways of how to accomplish the aims. Firstly, the aims of the academic study are to help students to discover and form future goals or careers and show the whole view of different kinds of jobs, aims and tasks that suits the desires and determine specific goals for the future. It is a tough fight for people who do not have a clear future goal or career and it also can be a burden in the future by making it hard for them to find a suitable job. Therefore, it is highly important to have higher knowledge and a clear plan, to compete for a chance to obtain a position. Secondly, the aims of the academic study also assist the university and college students. It is highly important for college students to have high academic skills due to its complexity. This will also help them to understand a wide range of academically important subjects and deal with a particular task. University is the greatest challenge place for adults and the most crucial part of all is to pass the tests and to finish the final exam in university. Another advantage is that the aims of academic study also enhance knowledge in critical-thinking, problem-solving and general information. Improving abilities in thinking more deeply and organizing ideas in order to solve things in a higher level requires extra knowledge of general information. This idea means that the academic performer appears to have a stronger sense of solving and thinking in a greater way than normal person does. Additionally, it enriches several kinds of knowledge and self-reflection in real life including social skills. On the other hand, in order to accomplish or reach these aim, pupils should try undertaking excessive researches and focus on the course as much as possible. They also expand their knowledge of general information by reading numerous articles and news. Nonetheless, they require support from their surrounding include parents, peers, teachers and class-sized. Different type’s class sized is also a notice problem for pupils to decide to choose. Finn calculated that â€Å"Students in small classes outperformed their counterparts in normal-sized classes by a fifth of standard deviation† – by Ehrenberg et al. (2001) Does class size matter?. To sum up, academic studies have an important role in the educational societies as its aims help the academic performers in various ways to reach and succeed their future goal.

The African-American Civil Rights Movement 1955-1958 Essay -- segregat

The civil rights movement in the United States was the start of a political and social conflict for African-Americans in the United States to gain their full rights in the country, and to have the same equality as white Americans. The civil rights movement was a challenge to segregation, the laws and ordinances that separated blacks and whites. This movement had the goal to end racial segregation against the black Americans of the United States. Many different acts and campaigns of civil resistance represented this movement. African-Americans and whites performed many forms of protest and civil disobedience including 'sit-ins', boycotts, marches and other nonviolent activities. Out of this movement, came many successful achievements such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the segment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which ‘restored and protected voting rights for African-Americans. But along with achievements, many outbreaks and controversies swept the South and caused casualties and the side track of acts of violence. Background After the American Civil War, three constitutional amendments passed that favored African-Americans. The Thirteenth Amendment of 1865, abolished slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment of 1868, secured the former slaves their rights as citizens. And the Fifteenth Amendment of 1870, gave African American males the right to vote in elections, where at the time only white males were able to vote in the United States. From the period 1877-1965, the United States went through a Reconstruction Era that tried to establish free labor and civil rights of freedmen in the South. Many whites living in the South did not like these changes and began to form their own movements to ... ...ber 1, 2013. http://www.lib.lsu.edu/special/exhibits/e-exhibits/boycott/background.html. Rosenblum, Thom. n.d. The Segregation of Topeka's Public School System, 1879-1951. Accessed November 1, 2013. http://www.nps.gov/brvb/historyculture/topekasegregation.htm. The Authentic History Center. 2012. The Civil Rights Movement: The Surge Forward 1954-1960. July 18. Accessed November 2 2013, 2013. http://www.authentichistory.com/1946-1960/8-civilrights/1954-1960/#top. Tsesis, Alexander. 2004. The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom. New York City: NYU Press. Walker, Anders. 2009. The Ghost of Jim Crow. New York: Oxford University Press. Williams, Juan. 2005. Brown v. Board of Education: It's Impact on Public Education. Brooklyn: Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund. Wright, Roberta Hughes. 1991. The Birth of the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Southfield: Charro Press.

Family sociology journal

There have been changes between generations of family structure and family oleos over the years. Both my great grandparents are Ghanaian. They had twelve children, my grandma being the youngest. In those days, houses in Ghana were largely built and accommodated every member of the extended family. Their main idea and aim of living together under one roof was to give care, support and perpetuate their cultural heritage. They provided each other with physical needs, emotional and economic support, meeting the basic human needs for food, shelter and intimacy.Since hunting and gathering could not feed the whole family, they resulted to farming. Agriculture was their main source of work and income. It brought a very significant amount of produce to feed the entire extended family. The men were actively involved in farm work, particularly in the growing of crops and rearing of animals. The men ensured that the supply of food was evenly shared to the family members, whiles the women stayed home and performed household duties like cooking cleaning, caring for the children and the elderly among other functions.My great grandparents made sure that the married couples procreate and socialism the next generation to perpetuate the society cultural heritage, traditions, practices, values, language, and so on. In addition, they ensured that the security of every member Of the family was achieved, as well seeing to it that the new generations were nurtured and rooted in the customs and norms of the society. My great-grandfather passed away at the age of 1 1 0, and my great, grandmother at the age of 1 15 respectively.In their old age, my mother, among other siblings – including those from external branches of the family provided support for them in their daily activities such as personal care. My grandparents were both traders; they were into the exportation and importation of farm produce to various parts of the world. My mother being the eldest of six children helped my grandparents in the running of the business. Moreover, my grandparents, being the head of the family, provided moral guidance and ensured that members of the family lived harmoniously with each other.This resulted in us spending more quality time with one another, promoting unity, integration and thereby fostering happiness. In addition to all these, my grandparents also assisted to the other mothers in the community in their support for the daily needs of the younger ones. My grandfather died peacefully, at the age of 96. His death really had a devastating impact on my grandmother since they performed various family functions together. She was later diagnosed with depression and dementia, which worsened with age.My mother with her other siblings took turns in caring for her until she passed away at the age of 95. After the death of my grandparents, my mother married and divorced six years after. Her other five siblings also married and migrated from the village and are now scatt ered across Europe, America and Asia. Subsequently, my mother relocated to live in Germany and left me in the care of my father who eater remarried twice and had two children with each woman.Fifteen years ago, got married, moved out of Ghana and have since lived in Chocolates with my family. Though am now separated from my husband, I still live in Chocolates with my four children. Although my father still resides in Ghana, my other half siblings are living in different countries around the world. Due to the distance between us all, our ability to see each other and provide care and support ; as was the case in my grandparent's generation has been greatly reduced.In view of the above, agree to the fact that due to the recent changes in the enervation of family, there has been issues affecting the family such as divorce, smaller families, single parenthood, families scattered across the globe and greater number of people living alone. This has really decreased the family ability to ca re and support each other. In this journal, I will define what the term family means to me, and also how George Morocco and Talcum Parsons viewed the family and its roles from a functionalist perspective.Furthermore, I will again explain the changes in the roles and relationship within the family in the last century, followed by a conclusion. The arrival of he industrial revolution and the rise of capitalism were primary factors that resulted in the changes in family role and structure in this modern era. The family role has been an interest and focus by functionalists such as Tailcoat Parsons and Morocco George. Sociologist, anthropologist, historians, and economist have all defined â€Å"family/' from their various different perspectives.One of the main institutions that can have the most impact on society is the family. The meaning of family is different to every one of us. Family to me; is the basic building block of society. It comprises a group of people who are elated by blo od, such as great-grandparents, grandparents, uncles, aunties, nephews, nieces, cousins, parents children who live together or apart, thus representing a single household (see picture 1). The family could also be seen as an institution or a social group united through bonds of kinship, marriage or adoption that joins members as one (Mansions and Plumper, 2008, p. 80). Pictures 1 : Extended Family. Source: http://www. Backslash. Com/De tutorial/05/08/edited . HTML. Ideally, the family is an institution Of solicitation and nurturing. It ensures unity and cooperation among members, providing protection, companionship ND security. Some other may also view the family as a group of people living in love, protecting and supporting each other in spite of race, blood, gender, culture etc. In order to further elaborate on this issue of family, I will look at how family was before and how much it has changed up until this date.One of the main changes in the dynamics of families is the social c hanges in the Women's movement and the changes from the extended family unit to nuclear family, then to other forms of families such as the single parent family unit, cohabitation, homosexuals families and so on. Parsons identifies two oleos the family plays. The first is the primarily, the socializing of children. He argues that through solicitation, children acquire language; absorb the accumulated knowledge, attitude, belief and values of their culture; and learn the social and interpersonal skills they need if they are to function well and effectively in the society.The second aspect of the role Parsons assets is the stabilization of adult personalities. Parsons stated that the different roles men and women play could lead to stress and strains, thus family is seen as functioning when it provides warmth, security and emotional support for ACH other (see picture 2) and thus, all family members benefit from the loving relationships that they share with each other. This process is also known as the â€Å"Warm Bath† theory where the family provides a very relaxing atmosphere at home to release stress and tension after a hard day at work (see picture 3).Pictures 2: The Family Members Supporting Each Other. Source: http://blob. Wellness. Com/blob/-not-set–vitamins-d-c-and-BBS-lend- each-other-helping-hands Picture 3: The Family Relaxing at Home. Source: http://cytologist. Ham. Com/2008/06/27/functions-of-the-family- part-2/ George Morocco, arguably, took an entirely different approach in defining family as â€Å"a social group characterized by common residence, economic cooperation, and production† (Sitting, 1 985, p. 60).He added that the family includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship, and one or more children, own or adopted, of the social cohabiting adults. Morocco (1949) looked at 250 societies and came up with four basic functions of the family. He claimed that the family is u niversal because it fulfils the following essential functions for society. These unction's focus on: sexual, reproductive, educative and economic roles Of the family.Morocco believed that the sexual function serves to regulate sexual behavior. This function relates to the activity between the husband and wife, mating to bring forth children. This leads us to the reproductive function, which relates to bearing and raising the children for the next generation. The educational function serves as a platform for families to train and transmits values and virtues to the younger generation, thus building human capital. This function socialists the children into the culture of their society thereby asking them responsible adults.As the Bible states in Proverbs 22:16 â€Å"train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old, he will not depart from it† (King James version). Morocco fourth function of the family is how it serves as economic unit, which provides financial secur ity and stability among members. Undoubtedly, households do entail an economic relationship in different ways; it ensures that the production and allocation of resources are distributed equally among members (Kittens, 1985, p. 62).Families supply each other with basic necessities such as food, shelter, clothing and other eternal resources that insure the emotional ties to one another. The men are the breadwinner of the house whiles the women perform various household duties and provide constant care and support for the children and the elderly. The functionalist perspective has focused on the role of the family in society and for its members. In other words, it looks at how the family, as an institution helps in maintaining order and stability in the society and the importance of the family for its members.There are different kinds of family system, namely: the extended family, the nuclear family, single parent Emily, cohabitation family, gay and lesbian family etc. The extended fam ily is defined as â€Å"a family system in which several generations live in household† (Oxford Dictionary of Sociology, 2005). Tailcoat Parsons believed that the extended family in the pre industrial era was the most beneficial as they were a unit of production. This means that the work and home lives were combined and so each member of the family takes turns in helping and supporting each other in times of need.One reason that the extended family was often not more prevalent than now is because of the lower life expectancy rate. Today, grandparents are in good shape and are living longer; this can be attributed to a number of factors including the improvements in public health, nutrition and medicines. The welfare system has also encouraged the De- institutionalizing of the elderly and created changes within the family structures giving rise to grandparents to assist in the caring of their grandchildren.Grandmothers in today's world are playing a very vital role in caring f or their grandchildren while their mothers and fathers go to work. It has been commonly believed that the nuclear family came about as a exult of industrialization, with small families better able to meet the demands of an industrialized economy (see picture 4). From my point of view, the nuclear family comprises of two adults, male and female, with their offspring (see picture 5). Sitting (1985) suggest that the nuclear family consist of a parent and a child or parents and children.Industrialization, arbitration, and capitalism were the main factors that led to the promotion of the nuclear family and household change (Sitting, 1985, p. 133). The main reason for this change was that industrialization saw the development of stories, which facilitated the rapid growth of large urban centers to support and supply labor for factory-based production. Furthermore, these rapidly growing economic centers necessitated smaller family units in order to function optimally. Pictures 4: Extended Family. Source: http://YMMV. Ambulant. Com/about/family. Tm Picture 5: The Nuclear Family. Source: http://www. Preconditioning. Com/2013/03/13/parents-opinions- matter-win-prizes-with-parent-survey-panel-2/ Obviously, the structure of the family unit keeps changing, and with that, being a single mum or dad is much easier today than in previous years due to social acceptance and higher prevalence. Single parent families involve one adult and child (or children); most often the adult turns out to be female. This family unit is often derived from the nuclear family through the break-up of one family through divorce or death.In the past, people got married and stayed married regardless of the problems and difficulties the marriage will be facing. A divorce procedure was difficult, expensive and could take ages to come to end, making it impossible for marriages to breakdown. However, the number of single-parent families is growing at length. Divorce parents with heir dependents do not be ar the stigma they once did, as it has become a norm in this modern era. (Wolfing, 2005, p. 2) Nowadays, one can get married today and divorce tomorrow. More women are choosing to have children out of wedlock.Functionalist like Parsons and Morocco have regarded the nuclear family as the best family unit for society since it fulfils many roles. Personally, I believe that the lone-parent family is still capable of socializing children into society. Gay and lesbian family unit is taking centre stage in today's words. In the Islamic society it is recognized as a taboo and loud lead to punishment by death (Mansions and Plumper, 2008, p. 392). This family unit consist of adults of the same sex with or without children; the children could be their own from previous marriages Or adopted.Society looks down on homosexuals for seeking sexual gratification from the same sex. This lifestyle is not seen as a social norm considered by the family and community where one lives. Due to recent changes in human right laws and regulations, same- sex marriage are seen as heterosexuals, given the same right and benefits as the nuclear family, overturning centuries of est. blushed radiation whereby homosexuals acts were kept out of the public domain and was seen as sin and a taboo. I Mill continue by outlining the changes in the roles of the family, how it has evolved and the impact on society since the twentieth century.Despite the changing lifestyles and ever-increasing personal mobility that characterize modern society, the family still remains the central element of contemporary life; offering care and support, companionship, security and protection. But, the structure of the family, and society at large has undergone massive changes in terms of the roles they lay. Before the industrial revolution, families were a unit of production and were considered to be multifunction. Members within the family (extended Family) had to work to support each other.Agric True was primarily their source of work and production. With the development of machine, equipment as well as the building of factories, which made the working process easier and increase in volume of production, people had to adapt to new conditions and lifestyle. Industrialization required a move from rural areas to urban centers and precisely, to where the factories were located, this ad a negative effect on the extended family since this led to higher geographic mobility reducing the kinship network.This changes brought about the nuclear family system, which was better fitted at that time. Men were the breadwinners and chief provider of the house and the women and kids were confirmed to the house performing household duties such as taking care of the children, cleaning of the house, cooking, among other functions (see picture 6 &7) Pictures 6 & 7: The Misery of working conditions in the Early Periods of Industrialization. Source: http://www. Tepidity. Com/Genderless/How-Women's-Roles-in-the- Family-Hav e-Changed/ Source: http://WV. Demutualization. Mom/business/bobcat/ Family+will+prove+good+thing+business+Ions/7939185/story. HTML However, functionalist like Karl Marx and Frederica Engel's interpret the effect of industrialization, arbitration and the existence of the nuclear family from a negative perspective. They argued that the role of the family benefited the ruling class, thus helping to maintain class inequality and capitalism. Marx and Engel's viewed the family as a unit of consumption, which promoted the products of the capitalist and generated profit for the capitalist businesses Kismet, 2007).Marx believed the family socialists its members especially the children to become the next generation of labor power to the capitalist system. Marx went on to argue that parents exert authority and control over their children thereby preparing them to abide by the capitalist authority in the work place (Goode, 1964, up. 219-224). Throughout the years, the family unit has changed dr astically, the role of women have shifted from home based to outside of the house likewise the men. Women have now moved into the workforce, equaling the same right and privileges men have in the ark place.Stacey (1987: 238) seems to have noted that ‘the massive increase of female participation in higher education and the labor force are both cause and effect of this family crises; they both facilitate and are made necessary by family change† (cited in Jaeger and Wright, 1999: 4). At most majority of women in the workforce are highly positioned and managing various branches of the organizations due to their caring nature. Men's traditional roles have also changed. With working wives they are relieved from the burden of being the sole responsibility for supporting the family.Aside Of being the breadwinner, men are nowadays participating actively in the running and managing of the household. They help in the caring of the children, like taking them to school, picking them up from school, preparing meals for the family among other duties. In my opinion, the new changes in the role of the family can lead to family harmony and happiness since the mother, father as well as the children share in almost all the household activities. However, the changing relationship to work is also undermining the pattern of rights and expectations in the marriage.As women attachment to he paid labor force increases, they would require to exert the same power, control and rights in the making of family decisions as supposed to men. When theses rights are not respected, most women find this intolerable leading to a break down of the marriage. Majority of women in full time employment continues to take responsibility of work in the household than the men, this is because they are pressured by the traditional sex roles duties in the past leaving them to work longer hours.Women have been performing majority of household duties for decades, and they will continue to do so unti l should task becomes a paid profession. It is very obvious that the modern family has many changes and differences in comparison to the traditional family. In the past the family lived and worked together, so the family relationship was attached. The size Of the traditional family had two or more generations living together to provide care, warmth and support for each other. Children in this family unit are cared for not only by the parents, but other kindred.In contrast with modern society today, children within the nuclear family unit often stay with child-minders and neighbors whiles their arenas are at work. When mothers are at the workplace or away from their children for various reasons, they sometimes feel guilty that someone is being responsible for performing their duty of caring and raising their child or children. There is limited time for solicitation in the nuclear family unit. Working parents may have less time for each other if they do not schedule a time for solicit ation as a result of their hectic pace of family life.This can have a significant effect on marriage and family life resulting in their life not being fulfilled. Relationship may become more stressful, family members will tot feel as close and as involved with one another, and family living can become less enjoying. For this reason, the relationship of today's modern family system will not be close-knit as supposed to before. However, women who work outside the home report significant benefits associated with their job. They describe having high reputation and self-esteem and a greater sense of autonomy and respect.When a mother enjoys her work and gains a sense of satisfaction from it as well as good earnings, her children can benefit more than if she stays home. There will be adequate income for the should decreasing financial pleasure, and promoting a healthy lifestyle and relationship. Marriage to me is the union between two people that is a man and a woman who show long time co mmitment for each other. From the beginning God revealed that marriage was a special union between a man and a woman to come together and replenish the earth. That was the only way to have children.People marry for various reasons. These reasons could be based love, security, for protection, to procreation, financial benefit, among other reasons (see picture 8). Interestingly, people refuse to get aired for various reasons. Some people strive to stay single because they like freedom. Others would want to be free do anything they want and not have to feel the burden of a family. Some will remain single so they can have fewer responsibilities than a married person. Majority of people have the fear of getting divorce and this pushes them away from getting married.This fear could be due to an experience the person has gone through or witnessed. From my standpoint, when parents or a relative of yours goes through an unpleasant marriage relationship, which ended in divorce when you were a nouns, this could have a negative impact on you thinking you will face that same experience and problems, thereby avoiding having a taste of marriage. Nowadays, marriage have become less of an important for women who are now able to undertake paid work outside the home and are able to fend for themselves and their dependents leading to their increasing ability to form separate households.Adding to this, a divorce procedure doesn't take a significant amount of time and money like it was in centuries past. This has also resulted in the increase rate of divorce. Picture 8: Marriage: the union of love. Source: http://manifoldness. Mom/2011 /09/15/7-reasons-to-believe-in-the- power-of-marriage/ For centuries now, the issue of divorce and increased in divorce rate in this modern era is increasingly taking centre stage in the public domain (see pictures 9 & 10).In Great Britain for instance in 1 984, it was estimated that there were 940,000 lone parents families and half a million childre n living in these family unit (Snell and Millard, 1987, P. 389). Recently it is estimated that about one in two new marriages will fail (Wolfing, 2005, p. 2). Undoubtedly, divorce causes so much harm than good; however, it can be viewed from a costive angle. Parents being separated can be better for the children so that they will not have put up with so many quarrels and fighting among the parents.Most often, the children are the ones who are being affected greatly when a divorce process begins. Quite interestingly, more than twenty studies conducted over the last thirty years confirmed, children of divorced are likely to end up the same way, thus they refrain from entering into marriage (Wolfing, 2005, p. 3). Many single parents are as a result of divorce, others could be the death of one of the spouse. Whichever way it comes, being a ingle parent with dependents from my own perspective is not an experience one should go through.In most instances the men walk away leaving the women the sole responsibility in rearing and raising the child or children with very little help from the absent father. This often leads to financial constraint on the women (Wolfing, 2005, p. 4). However, the Welfare System has provided social security benefits such as (e. G. Tax credit, child benefit, income support, healthy start vouches, NASH exemption certificate, housing and council tax benefit, among other benefits) to help ease their financial burden. Most often, after divorce, people turn to cohabitate rather than getting remarried due to previous experience.

The Right to Education

The Right to Education – A Global Perspective â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. † Nelson Mandela This saying of Nelson Mandela reveals a lot about the importance of education as a mean of achieving the changes we want to see in the world. Realizing the importance of education is highly significant for the nation and the world as a whole; however, giving equal education opportunities to people within specific countries and around the world remains a challenge for the global society.In order to overcome, or at least ease, such challenges, the right to education has been a subject of matter of international law, as well as state constitutions. While a great number of countries have been signatories and ratifiers of international conventions that protect the right to education, many countries have failed to provide the essential capacities to assure this right for various reasons. The failure to protect this right, no matter the reasons, has been quite harsh for the most vulnerable groups of different societies; hence, leaving millions of people worldwide without the capacity to contribute to a better world.As such, this paper will firstly focus on the protection of this right by international law, and it will later focus on the protection of the right to education in the following countries: Finland, Venezuela, India and finally Kosova. The Right to Education and the International Law The right to education, as a human right, has been highly guaranteed and protected by international law for many decades now. To begin with, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948 marked the universal recognition of the right to education.The Declaration guarantees the right to education through Article 26, which among others states that: â€Å"Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Techni cal and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit . † Furthermore, the right to education is protected by the Convention against Discrimination in Education, adopted in 1960.This convention, through its 19 articles plays a high significance in the struggle of the global society to hinder the discriminations and separations in education . Later on, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), adopted in 1979, guarantees women equal rights with men in terms of education . In addition, in 1966, the right to education was also preserved in the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, specifically through articles 13 and 14.Both article of ICESCR make primary education compulsory and free of charge, as well as oblige the states to make secondary and higher education easily accessible to all . Nevertheless, the Convention on The Rights of The Child (CRC), adopted in 1989, was a significant step in the protection of children from discrimination of any form. Articles 28-32 of this convention particularly deal with discriminations made in education. Signatories of this convention â€Å"recognize the right of the child to education,†¦with a view to achieving this right progressively and on the basis of equal opportunity . As mentioned previously, besides international law, the right to education is also enshrined in many regional instruments and most of the countries’ constitutions, though the compliance to the international/regional/national instruments varies to a great extent from country to country. As such, there are great disparities between school enrollment rates in different countries, and the following sections of this paper will deal with the protection/application of the right to education in specific countries and their effects on the education activities. FinlandFinland proved to be one of the most successful countries in the education field. Actually, it was ranked as the fourth country out of 48 countries belonging to different development phases. Undoubtedly, one of the crucial factors that facilitated this achievement was Finland’s hard work in protecting the right to education. First of all, Finland is a signatory of all of the above-mentioned international instruments, which make Finland legally binding to all of the above articles. Furthermore, the Constitution of Finland protects the right to education through Section 16 of Chapter 2 .The constitution makes primary education free and compulsory to all children. Nevertheless, the constitution makes the state accountable for providing equal opportunities to all citizens even after finishing the compulsory education . The right to basic education in Finland is further protected by the Basic Education Act, which makes the municipalities responsible for providing education in both languages (Sweedi sh and Finnish), as well as providing free school materials, meals, and transportation to all students of pre – primary and primary education.The Basic Education Act also protects the right to education of the disabled children by making them entitled to special â€Å"interpretation and assistance services†, all for free . Furthermore, the Universities Act of Finland makes undergraduate studies free of charge for studies in Finnish and Swedish, as well as freeing from undergraduate studies tuition students of EU member countries . As mentioned previously, Finland is one of the few countries where the right to education is well protected, and cases of violations of this right are not common at all and are hard to find. VenezuelaVenezuela has ratified all the international instruments mentioned above, which means that Venezuela is obliged to comply with those articles that regulate the right to education. Besides that, the right to education in Venezuela is also protecte d under the Venezuelan Constitution. Chapter VI of this constitution deals specifically with education, and Article 102 of this chapter states that â€Å"Education is a human right and a fundamental social duty, it is democratic, free of charge and obligatory . † Further, Article 103 guarantees equal opportunities for all students, including disabled students .In addition to the Venezuelan Constitution, the right to education in Venezuela is also protected by the Organic Law of Education, decreed on 2009. Article 3 of this law, makes education â€Å"public, social, compulsory, free of charge†¦ quality, secular, comprehensive, and permanent, of social pertinence, creative, artistic, innovative, critical, multicultural, multiethnic, intercultural, and multilingual †. Article 6 of the Law gives access to education to disabled students and students in the â€Å"Adolescent Responsibility Penal System† .Furthermore, Article 6 makes the state responsible for devel oping the mechanisms that control the right to education. However, despite the progress Venezuela made in legally protecting the right to education, many challenges still remain and make the reality less desirable, one of those issues being the certification of the asylum students. Asylum seekers deal with delays in getting certified for their studies because they have to first be recognized as refugees, a process that often takes a lot of time.Furthermore, if an asylum seeker finishes a certain level of education in his/her home country, that certification will not be recognized until the student receives Venezuelan documents. As Rodrigo de La Barra puts, such delays of certification, prohibit students to continue with their studies, hence hindering motivation and increasing drop-out rates. It is important to mention that both these cases are violation of the Convention on the Rights of Children, a convention to which Venezuela is legally binding . IndiaContrary to Finland and Vene zuela, India is not legally binding to the International Convention against Discrimination in Education. Still, it is legally binding to the other international conventions dealing with education . The right to education in India is protected in its constitution in the Article 21A, which obliges the state to offer free/compulsory basic education to children 6-14 years old. Furthermore, Article 29. 2 prohibits the discrimination in education made to minorities, whether that is racial, religious, or caste based discrimination.Nevertheless, Article 30 gives them the right to develop their own educational institutions . A highly significant step on the improvement of protection of the right to education in India was made in year 2009, when the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act was passed. This Act’s aim is guaranteeing every child of age 6-14 free and qualitative education, as well as defining the ways the state shall use in protecting such rights. Besides ma king education free and compulsory, this act also says that children cannot be left out because the admission period is over, or because of the lack of documents.Furthermore, the act gives the disabled students the opportunity to participate in the mainstream education . Noticeably, the government of India has made important steps in protecting the right to education; still, what lies in papers is quite different from the actual situation in India. Though the school enrollment rates have increased in India after passing the Act, the participation rates and drop-out rates are not so optimistic. Yet another concern in India is the low quality education, which is a result of †poor curriculum and syllabus, deficient pedagogy, negligent teachers † and parents.Nevertheless, discrimination, though prohibited by the Act, is still prevalent in the Indian education system. It is the Act itself that leaves space for such discrimination since it allows for school categorization as f ollows: â€Å"a) government schools b)aided private schools c)special category schools and d)non-aided private schools †. By allowing the existence of such school categorization, the Act legitimizes the discrimination of the poorer children who become subjects of lower quality education, as compared to the rich students.That violations of the right to education, guaranteed by the Act, are a serious concern in India, is shown by the great number of cases of violation. According to Amod Kanth , 10,500 cases of violation of the act have been recorded in Delhi, within a nine-month period after the implementation of the act. Kanth states that such violations are â€Å"of at least 15 kinds, like screening tests before admissions, corporal punishment, admission denial, mental harassment and others . These figures of the violations in the capital city seem quite concerning, and I believe that they clearly picture the state of the right to education in India. Conclusion In conclusion , education is an essential process which enhances the intellectual development of human beings. Despite being a right in itself, it is also a tool to achieve many other rights. Therefore, ensuring an education to every child is of a high significance, not only for the child alone, but also for the well-being and the development of the society.As such, guaranteeing that every human being is given the opportunity to be provided with such a development activity has been an important subject of many international, regional, and national instruments, among them: Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Convention against Discrimination in Education, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, Convention on The Rights of The Child (CRC), as well as the national constitutions of almost all countries.However, as the cases in Venezuela and India, show, the protection of the right to education by l egal instruments is not sufficient unless its implementation in the real life is ensured. Problems related to the application of this right arise every day, leaving millions of children worldwide, including highly developed countries, without even basic education; hence, without the potential to contribute to the improvement of the global society.Therefore, it is crucial that we, as individuals, start contributing to the gradually easing of the obstacles preventing the world from becoming a better place for everyone, either by making better laws or by implementing those laws better.

The Skeleton in the Corporate Closet essay

The Skeleton in the Corporate Closet essay The Skeleton in the Corporate Closet essay The Skeleton in the Corporate Closet essayWhat is the leader’s role in creating and maintaining an ethical organization? What actions should Hap take to resolve his ethical dilemma?In the case â€Å"The Skeleton in the Corporate Closet†, important ethical dilemmas are presented to address the role of the corporate culture in maintaining an ethical organization. Actually, the leader plays an important role in creating and maintaining an ethical organization.   According to researchers, â€Å"organizational leaders can use organizational culture to create values that result in ethical or unethical behavior†(Sims, 2002, p. 310). Hap should take the proper actions to resolve his ethical dilemma. He should make a decision how to deal with the undesirable information to serve the best interests of the company’s stakeholders. If his decision is to make the information public, he should evaluate when and how this information must be released. In fact, this case is a complicated one because it requires finding the adequate ethical solution. The document which tells about the real inventor of the company’s product may be disclosed. In this case, the reputation of the company will be damaged. As a result, the success of the company on the competitive market may be lost. The most important task is to use the proper action to avoid the disclosure. Hap should follow the ethical principles, but he should not damage the company’s reputation.What options does CEO Hap Parker have for managing public perceptions of the firm?Hap Parker, the grandson of the company’s founder is the CEO of GPS. He has several options for managing public perceptions of the company. He knows that his grandfather’s name should not be impugned. Although Hap’s grandfather hadn’t invented Parkelite, he used his skills, knowledge and experience to build the successful company that promoted many other innovations (Kirby, 2002). The firs t option is to follow the advice of Newland Lowell, GPC’s lawyer who states that Hap may not divulge the secret information. Actually, this evidence did not change the trial’s outcome. The two fellow chemists, Hap’s grandfather and Karl Gintz, might have been working together on the innovation all along. Nevertheless, the concealment makes Hap Parker feel uncomfortable because GPC’s corporate culture has always been perfect and demonstrated integrity and credibility. It would be unfair to destroy the myth of GPC’s vibrant and fair corporate culture and lose credibility of 8,000 employees. The second option is to make the secret information public. In this case, Hap Parker would act ethically regarding Karl Gintz, but the reputation of the company would suffer. The best option is not to divulge the secret information.What obligations does the CEO, in this case Hap Parker, have to a corporation’s multiple stakeholders?The CEO of the company is Hap Parker. His obligations to a corporation’s multiple stakeholders, including employees, suppliers, the broader community and the environment, affect the overall success of the company. Ethical obligations to employees and suppliers include setting the example that shows respect for others. CEO should serve others, being honest and just in decision making. CEO should actively build a community following the established code of ethics. CEO should be open in his dealing with colleagues and with community leaders. CEO should be sensitive to other people’s needs, providing care and support to others (Kuper, 2006).   Undoubtedly, the GPC’s CEO is interested in economic prosperity of the company and its employees. Hap Parker should not divulge the secret information in order to keep the business flourishing.

Grammatical Case in English

Grammatical Case in English Grammatical Case in English Grammatical Case in English By Maeve Maddox Old English had five cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental. Modern English has three cases: 1. Nominative (also called subjective) 2. Accusative (also called objective) 3. Genitive (also called possessive) The objective case subsumes the old dative and instrumental cases. Case refers to the relation that one word has to another in a sentence, i.e., where one word â€Å"falls† in relationship to another. The word comes from a Latin word meaning â€Å"falling, fall.† In other modern languages, adjectives have case, but in English, case applies only to nouns and pronouns. Nominative/Subjective Case When a noun is used as a) the subject of a verb or b) the complement of a being verb, it is said to be in the subjective or nominative case. The king laughed heartily. King is a noun in the subjective case because it is the subject of the verb laughed. The king is the son of Eleanor of Aquitaine. Son is a noun in the subjective case because it is the complement of the being verb is. Accusative/Objective Case When a noun is used as the object of a verb or the object of a preposition, it is said to be in the objective or accusative case. The king subdued his enemies. Enemies is a noun in the objective case because it receives the action of the transitive verb subdued; it is the direct object of subdued. The friends went to a movie. Movie is a noun in the objective case because it is the object of the preposition to. Sallie wrote Charlie a letter. Charlie is a noun in the objective case because it is the indirect object of the verb wrote. A transitive verb always has a direct object; sometimes, it will have a second object called the â€Å"indirect object.† In the old terminology, the indirect object was said to be in the â€Å"dative case.† Nowadays, the indirect object, like the direct object, is said to be in the accusative or objective case Note: Some English teachers may still distinguish (as I once did) between the accusative and the dative, but the most recent college English textbook I have, (copyright 2000), does not even list the term â€Å"dative† in its index. As nouns and pronouns in the dative case are spelled the same as those in the objective case, there’s no practical reason to retain the former designation. Genitive/Possessive Case Of the three noun cases, only the possessive case is inflected (changes the way it is spelled). Nouns in the possessive case are inflected by the addition of an apostrophe–with or without adding an â€Å"s.† The boy’s shoe is untied. Boy’s is a singular noun in the possessive case. The boys’ shoes are untied. Boys’ is a plural noun in the possessive case. This one inflected noun case is the source of error for a great many native English speakers. English pronouns are also a frequent source of error because they retain inflected forms to show subjective and objective case: Pronouns in the subjective case: I, he, she, we, they, who Pronouns in the objective case: me, him, her, us, them, whom The pronouns you and it have the same form in both subjective and objective case. Note: Strictly speaking, both my and mine and the other possessive forms are genitive pronoun forms, but students who have been taught that pronouns stand for nouns are spared unnecessary confusion when the teacher reserves the term â€Å"possessive pronoun† for words that actually do stand for nouns, like mine and theirs. Like adjectives, my, its, our, etc. stand in front of nouns, so it makes sense to call them â€Å"possessive adjectives.† The objective form whom is almost gone from modern speech; the subjective form who has taken over in the objective case for many speakers. Related posts: Transitive Verbs The Principles of Possessives Beware of ‘Whom’ Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar 101 category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Greek Words You Should KnowAcronym vs. InitialismMay Have vs. Might Have

Target Market and Competitive - chipotle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Target Market and Competitive - chipotle - Essay Example od with integrity is our commitment to finding the very best ingredients raised with respect for the animals, the environment, and the farmers.† From the statement, it is clearly evident that the restaurant has ethical practices in line with the mission’s description. The main goal of the restaurant is to provide customers with high quality food associated with a high level of integrity. In fact, the food provided by the restaurant has a reliable source and preparation of the food is carried out with a lot of dedication, integrity and care. Therefore, the high quality service availed by the company is an added advantage because it is tricky to identify the food source people utilize every day (Halverson). The target market of Chiptole restaurant is adults aged from 18 years to 24 years old. The targeted customers comprise of high school and college educated persons. The restaurant targets all the people who value freshness in foods such as organic, natural and homemade foods. The income brackets of the target market ranges between $10, 000 to $60,000. 82 percent of the target market is Caucasian and 69 percent do not have children. The target market comprises of individuals who are image conscious, tech shrewdness, love an active lifestyle, financially unfocused and environmentally conscious. The targeted consumers add value to the firm because most of them respond quickly to the products offered by the restaurant. Chiptole’s customers are persons who love cooking their foods and others consider cooking as a hobby or a passion. In addition, some of the customers have an interest in issues to do with food network. Overall, the target market is all those people who value freshness in foods, and in their shopping behavior, they value anything fresh. It is evident that the consumer behavior of the target market adds value to the mission of Chiptole restaurant because the main goal of the restaurant is to provide high quality foods to the customers.

Business report on Tesco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business report on Tesco - Essay Example Tesco Bank is a wholly owned subsidiary of Tesco that was established in 2008. The chief executive officer (CEO) of Tesco is Dave Lewis. Including franchises the firm has 6,814 stores across the globe. The firm also has six online stores. Tesco is a publicly traded company whose stocks are openly sold in the London Stock Exchange (LSE) under the symbol TSCO. As of November 28, 2015 the price of TSCO stocks was $169.15 (Yahoo, 2015). The market capitalization of the company is $13.67 billion. The accounting of the company is based on a fiscal year instead of the natural year. The 2015 fiscal year started on March 1, 2014 and it ended on February 28, 2015. The independent auditor of the company is PricewaterhouseCoopers.  Tesco Bank is a wholly owned subsidiary of Tesco that was established in 2008. The chief executive officer (CEO) of Tesco is Dave Lewis. Including franchises the firm has 6,814 stores across the globe. The firm also has six online stores. Tesco is a publicly traded company whose stocks are openly sold in the London Stock Exchange (LSE) under the symbol TSCO. As of November 28, 2015 the price of TSCO stocks was $169.15 (Yahoo, 2015). The market capitalization of the company is $13.67 billion. The accounting of the company is based on a fiscal year instead of the natural year. The 2015 fiscal year started on March 1, 2014 and it ended on February 28, 2015. The independent auditor of the company is PricewaterhouseCoopers.   In fiscal year 2015 Tesco generated sales of  £62,284 million. The sales of the company decrease by 2% in comparison with the previous year. The net income of the firm in 2015 was a loss of  £5,766 million. In 2014 the firm was able to achieve a profit of  £970 million. The total assets of the firm as of February 28, 2015 were  £44,214 million, while the total equity of the firm at the same date was  £7,071 million. The cash reserve of Tesco at the end of fiscal year 2015 was  £11,819 million. The bad financial p erformance of the firm in 2015 caused the cash reserve of the company to go down by 9.68%. In terms of total liabilities the company owes  £37,143 million. The net margin shows the absolute profitability of a company, while the gross margin is a measure of broad profitability.  

Information technology revolution impact on the third world countries Essay

Information technology revolution impact on the third world countries - Essay Example Besides, one of the signs of the extent of attention and alertness dedicated to information and communication technology globally is its immense contribution to the global GDP, which augmented from 5.5% in the past years to 6.75% contemporarily. Moreover, the size of this sector in the contemporary or present world tallies to 2.5 trillion dollars globally. Furthermore, the implication of ICT on the level of productivity and the GDP is overtly consummate, and a single illustration of this factual statement is the yearly growth rate of prime monetary systems such as the U.S.A., which notably augmented from approximately 1.4% for up to 1995 to the eventual or present 2.3% up to the year 2000. Notably, this augmentation attributes to the augmented productivity in diverse sectors of the community, with close regard to the ICT contribution of 75%. Moreover, in the Australian monetary system, ICT has augmented productivity in virtually all economic sections by approximately 30%. A further positive implication of ICT on the global perspective is that its industries are effectually aiding in the complete diversification of capital sources and structuring of new immensely paying job opportunities for the people (Chandra 144). Moreover, this reduces the current unemployment rate and notably augments income of a common inhabitant. Saudi Arabia is a conferrable nation in whose case ICT has immensely contributed more than 15% of the GDP. Additionally, another feature of ICT on the global perspective is that its penetration into diverse fields and dispensations with a general purpose of enabling or activating technology. This happens via ICT providing a ready platform for virtually all sectors of the economy. In this case, it has contributed immensely to numerous sectors of the economy in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, this comes as an addition

Application Reinforcement Theory By Managers To Shape Employees Behaviours Business Essay

Application Reinforcement Theory By Managers To Shape Employees Behaviours Business Essay INTRODUCTION The aim of this paper is to explain the application of reinforcement theory by the managers to shape employees behaviors in order to overcome restraining forces of change in an organization. Goal is to explain the managerial aspect of applying reinforcement theory. For better explanation, some basic fundamentals of Organizational Behavior and Organizational Development will be used with special reference to reinforcement theory and how managers should apply strategies in lessening resistance to change amongst employees. Purpose is to help us better understand organizational behavior and organizational development techniques and theory and how to implement them in an organization. I will be including all the essential components of reinforcement theory,its principle,its application as how it should be implemented by managers,what are the restraining forces that comes in the way during changes and how management should try to overcome it. Reinforcement is an extremely important principle of conditioning used by managers to influence their employees in an organization. It is the process of shaping behavior by controlling its consequences. Reinforcement theory is sometimes known as operant conditioning as it focuses on th relationship between operant behavior and associated consequences. Continuous reinforcement strategies are implemented to sustain employees desire to work as they loose their interest in work over long period of time. Hence management should use the reinforcement strategies and theories to motivate their employees and benefit their organization to achieve desired results. ORGANISATIONAL BEHAIOUR THEORIES Organizational theories helps to motivate workers and employees so that they can perform their jobs in the best possible manner contributing to overall development of the organization. These provide courage and motivation to the employees in order to improve their working skills. There are two best known names for the development of theories :- Parlov who developed theory of classical conditioning and Skinner who developed theory of instrumental conditioning. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Classical Conditioning is the type of learning made famous by Pavlovs experiments with dogs. It is used by trainers to condition (train) autonomic responses, such as the drooling, producing adrenaline, or reducing adrenaline (calming) without using the stimuli that would naturally create such a response; and, to create an association between a stimulus that normally would not have any effect on the animal and a stimulus that would. Classical conditioning reflects how an organism learns to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another. It is association between two stimuli. This theory is difficult to explain wide variety of observable human behavior, specially issues involving complexity. It does not allow for choice in the response options available to humans and applied in daily life. It deals with cognitive thought process. OPERANT CONDITIONING Operant conditioning forms an association between a behavior and consequences. This process has a wider application than the classical conditioning approach as it provides shaping of behavior in particular patterns. The basic assumption of operant conditioning is that behavior is influenced by its consequences One of the distinctive aspects of Skinners theory is that it attempted to provide behavioral explanations for a broad range of cognitive phenomena. For example, Skinner explained drive (motivation) in terms of deprivation and reinforcement schedules. PRINCIPLES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING Some of the important principles of operant conditioning that can aid the manager to influence behavior:- POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT Managers often use positive reinforcer to influence behavior. A positive reinforcer is a stimulus which,when added to the situation,strengthens the probability of a behavioral response. It can be used to improve employees performance. Positive reinforcement is highly effective and used for two reasons. Firstly, it is used for the direction or motivation of the actions of other people and secondly it uses versatile concept of reinforcement as an explanation of behavior. Many organizations uses positive reinforcements to increase productivity, decrease absenteeism and workplace accidents. For Eg. An insurance company offered incentives at end of each month if the agent succeed to reach their target. Another example,chemical bank has set up programs to positively reinforce employee actions that lead to better customer service. Positive reinforcement can be monetary rewards as well as non financial rewards such as recognition,merchandise incentives etc. When positive reinforcements are used, the desired outcome is that the behavior is reinforced. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of a response following removal of a negative reinforcer immediately after the response. It strengthens the response as response removes some painful stimulus and enables the organization to avoid it. For example, exerting high degrees of efforts to complete a job may be negatively reinforced by not listening to boss. PUNISHMENT It relates to unpleasant reward for particular behaviors. It is defined as presenting an uncomfortable consequence for a particular behavioral response. It is increasingly used managerial strategy. This forms of reinforcements decreases the occurrence of the behavior in question. Organizations typically use several types of unpleasant events to punish individuals. Interpersonal punisher are used extensively including frowns,grunts,personal grudges and aggressive body language of an employee. Punishments can also be materialistic i.e, cut in pay, demotion, final punishment can be firing of an employee,transfer to another job,etc For example, punishing a worker who slows down the work may be an economically necessary step to alter behavior, another example can be loss of pay. There can be negative affects of punishment,it can cause undesirable emotional reaction,another problem is control of undesirable behavior becomes restricted to managers presence only. EXTINCTION Extinction can be defined as decline in response rate because of non reinforcement. It refers to stopping of the reinforcement,firstly it leads to reduction n eventually omission of reinforcement. An example would be if an employee is not acknowledged despite of his or her tremendous work,he will finally stop doing so. This form of reinforcement decreases the occurrence of the behavior in question. An important base for all these important principle is Thorndikes classic law of effect. Managers must strategically balance between the use of pleasant and unpleasant events occurring in an organization in order to meet their desired outcomes. However positive management procedures dominates in any well-run organization. Before applying reinforcements in an organization,managers also need to know as to when reinforcements should be used in order to influence level and rate of continued repetition of desired behavior. For this it is important to know the Schedules of Reinforcement. SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT In an organization it is very essential to time the rewards and punishment and timing of these outcomes is known as reinforcement scheduling. There are different results of timing and frequency of reinforcement. Reinforcement schedules is widely used to explain different process of workplace such as absenteeism,motivation,different payment systems. Continuous and Intermittent Reinforcement Continuous reinforcements means that the behavior is reinforced each time it occurs and is the simplest schedule of reinforcement. If the reinforcement does not occur after each response ,an intermittent reinforcement schedule is being used. Ferster and Skinner argued that there are two basic types of intermittent schedules. First there are those schedules in which reinforcement occurs at fixed number of desired responses,secondly, there are schedules where reinforcements occurs regularly or irregularly. By combining these two ideas four intermittent schedules are made which they believe has different effects on behaviors. Four types of intermittent schedules are :- 1. Fixed Interval Schedule In fixed interval schedule,a constant amount of time should pass before a reinforcer is provided. In other words behavior pattern almost stops after a reward until the next interval . An example may be praise employees performance once a week and not at other times or payment of employees must be done weekly,biweekly or monthly. This is an monetary reinforcement that comes at the specific period of time. 2. Variable Interval Schedule It represents changes in th amount of time between reinforcer. Variable reinforcer varies in time and predictability. Examples of variable interval schedules would be managers giving special recognition to employees for successfully completing projects and promoting them to higher-level positions . If the manager does not changes its schedule,employee would anticipate his tours and adjust their behavior accordingly to be rewarded. 3. Fixed Ratio Schedule In fixed ratio schedule ,the behavior which you desire must occur number of times specifically before reinforcement takes place. It produces high reinforce rate at closing of reinforcements. For example,paying employees weekly checks that is determined to be paid in expected time. 4. Variable Ratio Schedule Unlike fixed ratio,variable ratio schedule varies in the number of repetitions of desired behavior. There is a high rate of responding in this schedule. Managers often uses variable ratio with praise and recognition. For example ,In an organization bonuses or special awards are given after varying numbers of desired behaviors . Variable ratio schedules produces desired behavioral change which is consistent and very resistant to extinction. ORGANISATION APPLICATION OF BEHAVIOURAL MODIFICATION Organizational behavioral modification is a more general term coined to designate the systematic reinforcement of desirable organizational behavior and the non reinforcement or punishment of unwanted organizational behavior. It is based on an assumption that behavior is more important than psychological causes (needs, values,motives held by individuals)(7) Application of behavior modification in organization follows step by step process:- 1. Managers must define and identify the behavior specifically. When a behavior is observable and can be recorded then it is being pinpointed. To be pinpointed as an important behavior,there must be positive answers to these questions: > can it be seen ? >Can it be measured? 2. Pinpointed behaviors must be counted by the managers as it provides a clear perspective of the strength of the behavior at the present or before change situation. By graphing these data ,managers can determine whether behavior is increasing or decreasing or remaining at the same. 3. ABC analysis should be conducted any managers of an organization. ABC refers to antecedents (analyzing antecedents of actual behavior), behavior (pinpointing critical behavior) and consequences (indicates contingent consequences). This helps managers to analyze performance analysis questions significant in programs. Questions may be:- Antecedents > Does the employer know what is expected? > Have they been communicated? > Are they clear about the standards? Behavior > Can the behavior be performed? > Could the employee do it if his or her life is dependent on it? > Does something prevent its occurrence Consequences > Are the consequences weighted in favor of performance? > Do we note improvement even though the improvements may still leave the employee below company standards? > Is the reinforcement specific? 4. Manager describes action plan and strategies after setting the first three steps. The strategies for strengthening desirable performance and weaken undesirable behaviors are positive reinforcers, negative reinforcers, punishment and extinction. Generally managers tends to use positive reinforcement in applying behavior modification programs but identifying it is not so easy. It can be identified by asking subordinates whats rewarding and another method can be by doing surveys asking about job preferences. 5. The last steps involves evaluation. This step is essential as it tells manager to review changes in behavior before the implementation of the program. Evaluation permits managers to measure performance on an ongoing basis. It also provide feedback to managers which help them to take corrective measures if any. Behavior modification helps to understand workplace behavior by making connections between stimulus,response and contingencies. Reinforcement theory is an important explanation of how people learn behavior. It is often applied to organizational settings in the form of a behavioral modification program. Although the assumptions of reinforcement theory are often criticized, its principles continue to offer important insights into individual learning and motivation. Assessing behavioral modification programmes in an organization has evolved a technique known as meta analysis. This collect studies using different sample sizes and weight them accordingly. One meta analysis of a larger number of studies found a 93 percent success rate which appeared in different target behavior and organizational settings. Organizational behavior modification is used widely among several organizations which includes united air lines,General electric, Proctor and Gamble, Michigan bell telephone etc. Organizational behavior modification is making and can make a positive contribution to organizational behavior. Absenteeism rates,quality of productions and employee safety behaviors appear to improve more often than not when using Organizational behavior modification. Hence a manager should understand that the employees are the most important aspect of an organization success, and towards the realization of its goals and so every employee must be motivated in doing his function. Motivation is significant factor in persuading a certain employee to work at his best . Therefore, it is essential that reinforcement strategies should be continuously conceptualized and implemented in order to sustain employees positive attitude towards his work. Employees tend to loose their interest in their work over long periods of time; so continuous reinforcement strategies are implemented to sustain employees desire to finish their job. The strategies are based on Douglas McGregors two different assumptions (Theories X and Y). > There must be continuous coercion and control of employees. > They must be directed always on what to do. Continuous monthly reward must be given to employees to boost their self confidence and improve organizations desired outcome. By using certain theories and strategies ,managers can help in reinforcing their employees by fulfilling their needs, giving them bonuses,treating them equitably,making them satisfied ,more goal oriented and focused, resulting in high outputs to an organization. RESTRAINING FORCES BLOCKING IMPLEMENTATION OF CHANGE IN EMPLOYEES Kurt Lewin ,developed a management technique known as Force field analysis and is used to overcome resistance to change in an organization. According to Lewin, there are driving and restraining forces which influence any change that may occur in a situation. Driving forces Driving forces are forces that tends to initiate a change and keeps it going. pressure from a supervisor, competition may be some examples of driving forces in an organization. Restraining forces are forces acting to restrain or decrease the driving forces. For example, poor maintenance of equipment may restraining forces against increased production in an organization. In a group process, there are always some forces that favor the change and some forces that are against it. Therefore an equilibrium should be established and it is reached when the sum of the driving forces equals the sum of the restraining forces. To make the employees accept the changes, manager should push driving forces and convert or immobilize the restraining forces. HINDRANCES TO OD CHANGE PROGRAMS Uncertainty regarding change Employees resist change due to the uncertainty and ambiguity associated with the old ways of doing things. Generally,people tend to become more independent and active as they grow older and wiser in a firm. They become anxious accepting changes,they have fear of unknown.they are filled with insecurity due to lack of information in new techniques. Threats To Position Power This type of threat is often seen in top management,which threaten them to lower their status or prestige in a group during the process of change. Social Factors Every individual have social needs. While working in an organization employee becomes members of certain informal group and so,any change or new adjustment will bring a fear among them. The stronger the group ties,the greater the resistance of change. Threat to specialization. Any change in organization may also threaten the expertise of specialized groups. For example, giving specialized training to all the employees was perceived as a threat by the experts in an organization. Threat to insecurity Safety and security are high priority for every individual. and this is the major factor for resistance to change especially on the job front. When employees feel that the security of the job is at the stake due to the change, they resist it. WAYS TO LESSEN RESISTANCE It is very important for the managers to overcome the resistance of change in employees by using some of the following strategies:- Effective Communication: One of the foremost reason for resistance to change is inaccurate information or in other words lack of communication. Thus effective communication program can help in overcoming this resistance. Managers should give necessary information about any change, its process and its working through training class and conferences. Reasons for change must also be communicated very clearly among employees. This will help in making employees understand about the necessity of change in an organization. Participation and Involvement: Participation and involvement can help employee to accept changes in an organization. It helps in removing their doubts and to win their cooperation in the change process. This involvement of the workers can obtain personal commitment and increase the quality of the changed decisions. Negotiation and Agreement: Negotiation and Agreement technique is very useful and can make change go much smoothly. For example, union agreement, transferring employee to other divisions etc. Leadership: Leadership plays an important role in overcoming resistance to change. A capable leader can reinforce a climate of psychological support for change. A strong and effective leader can exert emotional pressure on his subordinates to bring about the desired change. (8) Coercion: Managers may choose to coercion if all other methods fail. Coercion may be in form of explicit or implicit threats involving loss of jobs, lack of promotion, etc. Managers sometimes dismiss employees who resist change. It can seriously affect employees attitudes and may also have adverse consequences in the long run. Managers consider change to be an important ingredient to the success of any organization and therefore it is extremely essential for them to overcome restraining forces of change amongst their employees ,using such strategies and techniques. Gaining acceptance of proposed changes is the foremost job of the management as it directly focuses on Organizational Development. It is not the strongest of the species that survive nor the most intelligent but the one most responsive to change Charles Darwin CONCLUSION Reinforcement theory deals with motivating and influencing behavior of employee. It is sometimes also referred as operant conditioning. In order to understand manager and employees perspective it is important to know the organizational behavior techniques and theory. Reinforcement theory shapes individual behaviors and so organization uses this theory to influence their employees. There are several principle of this theory which include positive reinforcement which is in terms of some monetary reward or non financial rewards,negative reinforcement which include dismissal or some kind of negative activity taken by managers, punishment and extinction. Then it is also important to understand as to when this theory should be applied by the management and so its scheduling is also significant aspect. Reinforcement scheduling can be continuous schedule or intermittent schedule. Further this paper focuses on application of this organizational behavior theory by the managers ,explaining managers actions and controls. It also focuses on restraining forces blocking implementation of changed program established by manager and later it also describes how to overcome resistance to these changes.